first experiment to verify wave nature of electron experimentally was
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[Solved] The wave nature of electrons was first proved by whom ?
The correct answer is Davison and Germer experiment. Key Points The Davisson and Germer experiment demonstrated the wave nature of the electrons, confirming
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The wave nature of electrons was first proved by whom ?
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Photoelectric effect
Double slit experiment
Davison and Germer experiment
Compton effect
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Option 3 : Davison and Germer experiment
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The correct answer is Davison and Germer experiment.
Key Points
The Davisson and Germer experiment demonstrated the wave nature of the electrons, confirming the earlier hypothesis of de Broglie.Electrons exhibit diffraction when they are scattered from crystals whose atoms are spaced appropriately.
Putting wave-particle duality on a firm experimental footing, represented a major step forward in the development of quantum mechanics.
Davisson and Germer designed and built a vacuum apparatus for the purpose of measuring the energies of electrons scattered from a metal surface.
Electrons from a heated filament were accelerated by a voltage and allowed to strike the surface of nickel metal.
Apparatus of Davisson and Germer experiment
Photoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is often defined as the ejection of electrons from a metal plate when light falls on it.
Double slit experiment It suggests that what we call "particles", such as electrons, somehow combine characteristics of particles and characteristics of waves.
Compton effect The Compton effect (also called Compton scattering) is the result of a high-energy photon colliding with a target, which releases loosely bound electrons from the outer shell of the atom or molecule.
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The wave nature of electron was verified by: A. De broglie B. Davisson Germer C. G.P. Thomson D. Rutherford . Ans: Hint: De Broglie gave a hypothesis of the dual nature of particles and waves. This hypothesis is confirmed by the Davisson Germer exper...
The wave nature of electron was verified by:A. De broglie B. Davisson Germer C. G.P. Thomson D. Rutherford
Last updated date: 17th Mar 2023
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Hint: De Broglie gave a hypothesis of the dual nature of particles and waves. This hypothesis is confirmed by the Davisson Germer experiment. G.P. Thomson did a cathode ray tube experiment and found the negatively charged subatomic particle. Rutherford did the gold foil experiment.Complete step by step answer:The waves have a dual nature. De-Broglie said that the matter also has dual nature. The matter that has linear momentum also has a wave associated with it. The De-Broglie equation gives the relation between wave nature and particle nature. So, the wave nature of the electron was verified by De-Broglie so option (A) is correct.
Davisson Germer fires an electron beam on the metal surface. In this experiment, they got diffraction patterns of the electrons beam which is the property of the wave. By this experiment, they confirmed that the matter particle such as electrons also has wave-like nature. So, the wave nature of the electron was verified by Davisson Germer, so option (B) is correct.
G.P. Thomson passed electrons beam through the celluloid and got a diffraction pattern and told that electrons are particles. . So, the wave nature of the electron was not verified by G.P. Thomson so, option (C) is incorrect.
Rutherford did a gold foil experiment in which he bombarded alpha particles on the gold foil. The alpha particle collides with the gold atom and gets scattered. Based on observation Rutherford told that an atom has a dense positively charged centre that is the nucleus. So, the wave nature of the electron was not verified by Davisson Germer, so option (D) is incorrect.
Therefore, option (A) de Broglie and (B) Davisson Germer, is correct.Note:
De-Broglie gave an equation
λ= h p λ=hp where, p p
is the momentum. The equation relates the momentum of a particle and wavelength of a wave. The de-Broglie wavelength of the particle is inversely proportional to its momentum. J. J. Thomson discovered that electrons are particles and his son G.P Thomson told that they are not. Rutherford discovered the nucleus. The diffraction pattern is the property of waves.
Davisson and Germer Experiment: Setup, Observations and Results
Davisson and Germer Experiment, for the first time, proved the wave nature of electrons and verified the de Broglie equation. The results established the first experimental proof of quantum mechanics. Let's find out more.
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Davisson and Germer Experiment
Davisson and Germer Experiment, for the first time, proved the wave nature of electrons and verified the de Broglie equation. de Broglie argued the dual nature of matter back in 1924, but it was only later that Davisson and Germer experiment verified the results. The results established the first experimental proof of quantum mechanics. In this experiment, we will study the scattering of electrons by a Ni crystal. Let’s find out more.
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2 Davisson and Germer Experiment
2.1 Browse more Topics under Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter
2.2 The Thought Behind the Experimental Setup
2.3 Observations of the Davisson and Germer Experiment
2.4 Results of the Davisson and Germer Experiment
3 Solved Example for You
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Davisson and Germer Experiment
(Source: Wikipedia)
The experimental setup for the Davisson and Germer experiment is enclosed within a vacuum chamber. Thus the deflection and scattering of electrons by the medium are prevented. The main parts of the experimental setup are as follows:
Electron gun: An electron gun is a Tungsten filament that emits electrons via thermionic emission i.e. it emits electrons when heated to a particular temperature.
Electrostatic particle accelerator: Two opposite charged plates (positive and negative plate) are used to accelerate the electrons at a known potential.
Collimator: The accelerator is enclosed within a cylinder that has a narrow passage for the electrons along its axis. Its function is to render a narrow and straight (collimated) beam of electrons ready for acceleration.
Target: The target is a Nickel crystal. The electron beam is fired normally on the Nickel crystal. The crystal is placed such that it can be rotated about a fixed axis.
Detector: A detector is used to capture the scattered electrons from the Ni crystal. The detector can be moved in a semicircular arc as shown in the diagram above.
Browse more Topics under Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter
Electron Emission
Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect
Wave Nature of Matter
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation
The Thought Behind the Experimental Setup
The basic thought behind the Davisson and Germer experiment was that the waves reflected from two different atomic layers of a Ni crystal will have a fixed phase difference. After reflection, these waves will interfere either constructively or destructively. Hence producing a diffraction pattern.
In the Davisson and Germer experiment waves were used in place of electrons. These electrons formed a diffraction pattern. The dual nature of matter was thus verified. We can relate the de Broglie equation and the Bragg’s law as shown below:
From the de Broglie equation, we have:
λ = h/p = h/ 2mE − − − − √ = h/ 2meV − − − − − √ … (1)
where, m is the mass of an electron, e is the charge on an electron and h is the Plank’s constant.
Therefore for a given V, an electron will have a wavelength given by equation (1).
The following equation gives Bragg’s Law:
nλ = 2d sin( 90 0 -θ/2) …(2)
Since the value of d was already known from the X-ray diffraction experiments. Hence for various values of θ, we can find the wavelength of the waves producing a diffraction pattern from equation (2).
Observations of the Davisson and Germer Experiment
The detector used here can only detect the presence of an electron in the form of a particle. As a result, the detector receives the electrons in the form of an electronic current. The intensity (strength) of this electronic current received by the detector and the scattering angle is studied. We call this current as the electron intensity.
The intensity of the scattered electrons is not continuous. It shows a maximum and a minimum value corresponding to the maxima and the minima of a diffraction pattern produced by X-rays. It is studied from various angles of scattering and potential difference. For a particular voltage (54V, say) the maximum scattering happens at a fixed angle only (
50 0 ) as shown below:
Plots between I – the intensity of scattering (X-axis) and the angle of scattering θ for given values of Potential difference.
Results of the Davisson and Germer Experiment
From the Davisson and Germer experiment, we get a value for the scattering angle θ and a corresponding value of the potential difference V at which the scattering of electrons is maximum. Thus these two values from the data collected by Davisson and Germer, when used in equation (1) and (2) give the same values for λ. Therefore, this establishes the de Broglie’s wave-particle duality and verifies his equation as shown below:
From (1), we have: λ = h/ 2meV
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