the united nations conference on the environment was held in which year?
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United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3
Group photo of world leaders meeting at the 'Earth Summit' in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13 June 1992. UN Photo/Michos Tzovaras
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992
Background
A new blueprint for international action on the environment
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the 'Earth Summit', was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3-14 June 1992. This global conference, held on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the first Human Environment Conference in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, brought together political leaders, diplomats, scientists, representatives of the media and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from 179 countries for a massive effort to focus on the impact of human socio-economic activities on the environment. A 'Global Forum' of NGOs was also held in Rio de Janeiro at the same time, bringing together an unprecedented number of NGO representatives, who presented their own vision of the world's future in relation to the environment and socio-economic development.
The Rio de Janeiro conference highlighted how different social, economic and environmental factors are interdependent and evolve together, and how success in one sector requires action in other sectors to be sustained over time. The primary objective of the Rio 'Earth Summit' was to produce a broad agenda and a new blueprint for international action on environmental and development issues that would help guide international cooperation and development policy in the twenty-first century.
The 'Earth Summit' concluded that the concept of sustainable development was an attainable goal for all the people of the world, regardless of whether they were at the local, national, regional or international level. It also recognized that integrating and balancing economic, social and environmental concerns in meeting our needs is vital for sustaining human life on the planet and that such an integrated approach is possible. The conference also recognized that integrating and balancing economic, social and environmental dimensions required new perceptions of the way we produce and consume, the way we live and work, and the way we make decisions. This concept was revolutionary for its time, and it sparked a lively debate within governments and between governments and their citizens on how to ensure sustainability for development.
One of the major results of the UNCED Conference was Agenda 21, a daring program of action calling for new strategies to invest in the future to achieve overall sustainable development in the 21st century. Its recommendations ranged from new methods of education, to new ways of preserving natural resources and new ways of participating in a sustainable economy.
The 'Earth Summit' had many great achievements: the Rio Declaration and its 27 universal principles, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity; and the Declaration on the principles of forest management . The 'Earth Summit' also led to the creation of the Commission on Sustainable Development, the holding of first world conference on the sustainable development of small island developing States in 1994, and negotiations for the establishment of the agreement on straddling stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
Documents
A/RES/44/228 A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1(vol.I)+ Corr. 1Rio DeclarationAgenda 21Convention on Biological DiversityUN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeSee all official documents
Press releases
1997 : Special Session on Agenda 211997 : CSD debates Agenda 21See all press releases
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Stockholm Conference" redirects here. For the socialist conference that took place in 1917, see Third Zimmerwald Conference.
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, Sweden, during June 5–16, 1972.
When the United Nations General Assembly decided to convene the 1972 Stockholm Conference, taking up the offer of the Government of Sweden to host it,[1] UN Secretary-General U Thant invited Maurice Strong to lead it as Secretary-General of the Conference, as the Canadian diplomat (under Pierre Trudeau) had initiated and already worked for over two years on the project.[2][3]
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was created as a result of this conference.[4]
Introduction[edit]
Sweden first suggested to the United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC in 1968 the idea of having a UN conference to focus on human interactions with the environment. ECOSOC passed resolution 1346 supporting the idea. General Assembly Resolution 2398 in 1969 decided to convene a conference in 1972 and mandated a set of reports from the UN secretary-general suggesting that the conference focus on "stimulating and providing guidelines for action by national government and international organizations" facing environmental issues.[5] Preparations for the conference were extensive, lasting four years, including 114 governments, and costing over $30,000,000.[6]
Issues at the Conference[edit]
The Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations boycotted the conference due to the lack of inclusion of East Germany, which was not allowed to participate. Neither East or West Germany were members of the UN at that time, as they had not yet accepted each other as states (which they agreed upon later by signing the Basic Treaty in December 1972).[6][7]
The conference was not welcomed by countries like Britain, the US, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and France, which formed the so-called and attempted to stifle the impact of the conference.[8]
At the conference itself, divisions between developed and developing countries began to emerge. The Chinese delegation proved hostile to the United States at the conference, issuing a 17-point memorandum condemning United States policies in Indochina, as well as around the world. This stance emboldened other developing countries, which made up 70 of the 122 countries attending. Multiple countries including Pakistan, Peru, and Chile issued statements that were anti-colonial in nature, further worrying the United States delegation. So harsh was the criticism that Rogers Morton, at that time secretary of the interior, remarked "I wish the Russians were here", to divert the attention of the Chinese criticisms.[7] China being a new member of the United Nations did not take part in the preparational talks. To include their views they reopened at the conference the declaration, which was negotiated at the preparational talks, introducing text to counter language of the declaration regarding population as a threat to the environment and cause of its degradation.[9]
In 1972, environmental governance was not seen as an international priority, particularly for the Global South. Developing nations supported its creation of the UNEP, not because they supported environmental governance, but because of its headquarters' location in Nairobi, Kenya, as the UNEP would be the first UN agency to be based in a developing country.[4]
Stockholm Declaration[edit]
The meeting agreed upon a Declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development, an Action Plan with 109 recommendations, and a Resolution.[10]
Principles of the Stockholm Declaration:[11]
Human rights must be asserted, apartheid and colonialism condemned
Natural resources must be safeguarded
The Earth's capacity to produce renewable resources must be maintained
Wildlife must be safeguarded
Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted
Pollution must not exceed the environment's capacity to clean itself
Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented
Development is needed to improve the environment
Developing countries therefore need assistance
Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out environmental management
Environment policy must not hamper development
Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards
Integrated development planning is needed
Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development
Human settlements must be planned to eliminate environmental problems
Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies
National institutions must plan development of states' natural resources
Science and technology must be used to improve the environment
Environmental education is essential
Environmental research must be promoted, particularly in developing countries
States may exploit their resources as they wish but must not endanger others
Compensation is due to states thus endangered
Each nation must establish its own standards
There must be cooperation on international issues
International organizations should help to improve the environment
Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, byname Stockholm Conference, the first United Nations (UN) conference that focused on international environmental issues. The conference, held in Stockholm, Sweden, from June 5 to 16, 1972, reflected a growing interest in conservation issues worldwide and laid the foundation for global environmental governance. The final declaration of the Stockholm Conference was an environmental manifesto that was a forceful statement of the finite nature of Earth’s resources and the necessity for humanity to safeguard them. The Stockholm Conference also led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in December 1972 to
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
[1972]
Alternate titles: Stockholm Conference
Written by Philippe Boudes
Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Article History
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, byname Stockholm Conference, the first United Nations (UN) conference that focused on international environmental issues. The conference, held in Stockholm, Sweden, from June 5 to 16, 1972, reflected a growing interest in conservation issues worldwide and laid the foundation for global environmental governance. The final declaration of the Stockholm Conference was an environmental manifesto that was a forceful statement of the finite nature of Earth’s resources and the necessity for humanity to safeguard them. The Stockholm Conference also led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in December 1972 to coordinate global efforts to promote sustainability and safeguard the natural environment.The roots of the Stockholm Conference lie in a 1968 proposal from Sweden that the UN hold an international conference to examine environmental problems and identify those that required international cooperation to solve. The 1972 conference was attended by delegations from 114 governments. (It was boycotted by Soviet-bloc countries because of the exclusion of the German Democratic Republic [East Germany], which did not hold a UN seat at the time.) Documents created during the conference influenced international environmental law; one notable example was the final declaration, which elucidated 26 principles concerning the environment. The conference also produced the “Framework for Environmental Action,” an action plan containing 109 specific recommendations related to human settlements, natural-resource management, pollution, educational and social aspects of the environment, development, and international organizations.
The final declaration was a statement of human rights as well as an acknowledgment of the need for environmental protection. The first principle began “Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being.” The need to preserve the environment was not placed in opposition to economic development. In fact, their interdependence was explicitly stated in principles 8 and 9.
Several other topics were also treated by the final declaration. These topics included:
the necessity of conservation, including the preservation of wildlife habitat (principle 4),
the avoidance of polluting the seas (principle 7),
the wide use of nonrenewable resources (principle 5),
the importance of developing coordinated planning (principles 13–17),
the importance of environmental education (principle 19),
the facilitation of scientific research and the free flow of information (principle 20),
the development of international law regarding environmental pollution and damage (principle 22),
and the elimination and destruction of nuclear weapons (principle 26).
Philippe Boudes
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