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why is there a need to avoid even the use of solar energy, if it is avoidable?

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5 Ways to Avoid Solar Downtime & Energy Loss Using Controls & Monitoring

For preventable PV downtime issues, data collected and analyzed by controls and monitoring can help significantly minimize downtime and energy loss.

5 Ways to Avoid Solar Downtime & Energy Loss Using Controls & Monitoring

SCADA systems can help prevent curtailment, overheated inverters, and tracker malfunctions.

By: Adam Baker

When solar downtime occurs, the last thing owners/operators want to be is in the dark. But I can’t tell you how many times I’ve seen energy loss onsite and thought: This was totally preventable. If only they had installed (or correctly configured) a controls and monitoring system for their solar site.

QF sites less than 5MW rarely implement controls. After all, they’re not required. However, it may be in the owner’s best interest to put one in anyway. I want to talk about five specific scenarios of downtime or energy loss that I’ve personally seen that are completely avoidable through the use of a good SCADA system.

Of course, there are a few downtime scenarios controls can’t fix. For example, when an inverter shuts down because it detects an overvoltage due to a lightning strike. Or, when an inverter detects a ground fault. Those are just the unavoidable risks of owning a utility-scale solar plant, and fortunately don’t happen frequently.

But, for PV downtime issues that are actually preventable, the data collected and analyzed by your controls and monitoring system can help significantly minimize downtime and unnecessary energy loss.

Avoid Utility Discrete Curtailment Through Analog Curtailment

A common reason your site might encounter downtime is due to congestion on the distribution system. If there isn’t enough demand, the utility will open your site’s recloser.

I first ran into this problem in southern California. Imperial Irrigation District (IID), the utility, provides power to the patch of dirt southeast of San Diego. Their grid is full of solar and wind, but hardly any thermal generation. Providing power to farm land means their load is very light. In early spring and late fall, their excess of renewables and lack of load means certain curtailment. The load is so low that they remotely trip off sites up to 20MW on a daily basis.

If the utility has a congestion issue, they think they only have two options. Keep your site on, or cut access. In reality, there’s a third option…if you have the controls for it.

Obviously, it’s in your best interest to deliver some energy (over none). With active power curtailment configured in your site’s control system, you can work with the utility to keep your site running with a reduced output. All you need is the utility’s set point or parameter they use in their curtailment logic.

FYI – smaller utilities, especially co-ops, are much more likely to be on board with this idea than giant utilities, because giant utilities don’t typically have a set point for small sites. Rather, they have enough large units to be able to shed 20 5MW sites and keep the turbines spinning.

If you leave it up to the utility to decide if they want your facility online or not, you have no say in the matter. However, if you have the ability to run at less than full input, they are less likely to trip you offline altogether. After all, a generator that can ramp up quickly is better to have ready than starting up a whole spinning generator from idle.

In fact, in the California example I shared above, IID would shut gas plants off before the solar sites that had variable output. The sites that have the most flexibility stayed on the longest.

Monitor & Alarm On Inverter Internal Temperature

Another common reason an inverter may completely stop is due to a high internal temperature condition. This is a major downtime issue that will send an entire inverter offline and drag output well below acceptable levels.

The good news is, it’s completely preventable with a simple monitoring solution. A decent SCADA monitoring system is able to correlate inverter internal temperature variance with external temperature to determine if there are maintenance activities that would be required.

A clogged air filter, for example. If the air filter is clogged in an air-cooled inverter, the inverter will have reduced air flow and the internal temperature will rise above normal levels. This condition can be created quickly if a nearby farmer is turning a field, or if landscaping is mowing vegetation onsite.

Not only can a SCADA system detect that issue, but its alarming functionality can also warn the operator and help determine when maintenance activities should occur.

Monitor Max Current Load From Tracker Actuators

This situation is something I like to call soft downtime. It’s still negatively affecting energy output, but is less dramatic than curtailment and offline inverter issues.

Say a tracker actuator stops working. The good news is, for at least most the day, you’ll still make energy. The bad news is, you’re not running at optimal. If just one tracker goes bad, you might still be within a normal output range. If several defects affect multiple trackers, you might wind up with a big problem.

RELATED: Solar Tracker Monitoring: You’re Doing It Wrong

Use a monitoring system to gauge the max current load each tracker actuator draws over the course of the day. By trending each tracker’s normalized, max daily current over time, the data will visually indicate when problems start to develop.

स्रोत : affinityenergy.com

Advantages & Disadvantages of Solar Energy

Adopt solar as your renewable energy source to save on your electricity bills. Learn about 10 compelling pros and cons of installing solar panels at home.

Pros and Cons of Solar Energy

Pros and Cons of Solar Energy What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages?

Did you know that the energy sun provides to the earth for one hour could meet the global energy needs for one year? Undoubtedly, the sun is a powerful energy source, and even though we are not able but to collect a fraction of this energy, yet harnessing this power by installing solar panels can make a significant difference to the planet.

While it has been widely criticised for being expensive or inefficient, solar energy has now proved to be extremely beneficial – not only for the environment but also for the private economy.

Thanks to available solar panel grants, as well as, the increasingly competitive prices in the market, solar energy has become the main source of energy for more and more families. The technology has been drastically improved the last years and has been complemented by solar battery storage systems, turning solar into a significantly more efficient source of clean energy.

However, there are always downsides no matter the energy source you choose to analyse. GreenMatch has outlined the key advantages and disadvantages of solar power in the following points:

Pros and Cons of Solar Energy

Advantages of Solar Energy Disadvantages of Solar Energy

Renewable Energy Source Cost

Reduces Electricity Bills Weather Dependent

Diverse Applications Solar Energy Storage is Expensive

Low Maintenance Costs Uses a Lot of Space

Technology Development Associated with Pollution

Advantages of Solar Energy

1. Renewable Energy Source

Among all the benefits of solar panels, the most important thing is that solar energy is a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas of the world and is available every day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some of the other sources of energy.

Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun, therefore sunlight will be available to us for at least 5 billion years when according to scientists the sun is going to die.

2. Reduces Electricity Bills

Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your solar system has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your bill will be dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or heat usage.

For example, if you are a business using commercial solar panels this switch can have huge benefits because the large system size can cover large chunks of your energy bills.

Moreover, not only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but there is also a possibility to receive payments for the surplus energy that you export back to the grid through the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG). If you generate more electricity than you use (considering that your solar panel system is connected to the grid).

3. Diverse Applications

Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can generate electricity (photovoltaics) or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to produce electricity in areas without access to the energy grid, to distil water in regions with limited clean water supplies and to power satellites in space.

Solar energy can also be integrated into the materials used for buildings. Not long ago Sharp introduced transparent solar energy windows.

4. Low Maintenance Costs

Solar energy systems generally don’t require a lot of maintenance. You only need to keep them relatively clean, so cleaning them a couple of times per year will do the job. If in doubt, you can always rely on specialised cleaning companies, which offer this service from around £25-£35.

Most reliable solar panel manufacturers offer 20-25 years warranty.

Also, as there are no moving parts, there is no wear and tear. The inverter is usually the only part that needs to be changed after 5-10 years because it is continuously working to convert solar energy into electricity and heat (solar PV vs. solar thermal). Apart from the inverter, the cables also need maintenance to ensure your solar power system runs at maximum efficiency.

So, after covering the initial cost of the solar system, you can expect very little spending on maintenance and repair work.

5. Technology Development

Technology in the solar power industry is constantly advancing and improvements will intensify in the future. Innovations in quantum physics and nanotechnology can potentially increase the effectiveness of solar panels and double, or even triple, the electrical input of the solar power systems.

The 2 Ways to Get the Best Solar Panel Deal

स्रोत : www.greenmatch.co.uk

Solar Energy: Benefits and Drawbacks

What are the pros and cons of solar energy? Learn about the costs, materials, sustainability, and environmental issues related to solar energy.

INVESTING SUSTAINABLE INVESTING

Solar Energy: Benefits and Drawbacks

By MATTHEW JOHNSTON Updated August 05, 2022

Reviewed by JEFREDA R. BROWN

Fact checked by KATRINA MUNICHIELLO

Solar Energy: An Overview

With the growing threat of climate change due to the excessive release of carbon emissions, many nations are looking to clean energy alternatives to replace traditional fossil fuels.

Of all the clean energy alternatives, solar has arguably been the most expensive though prices have been declining. However, after considering the pros and cons along with the expectation that prices will continue to decline, the future of solar energy is looking rather bright.

The pros of solar energy include that it is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and has a low impact on the environment and the potential for any country to produce it. The cons are that it only produces energy when the sun is shining, needs a significant amount of land, and that certain solar technologies require rare materials.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

Solar energy is becoming an increasingly cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels.

Solar energy is a sustainable energy source, has a low environmental impact, and promotes energy independence.

On the other hand, it is limited by how long the sun is out, may cause a scarcity of materials, and contains hazardous materials similar to electronics.

Pricey disadvantages of solar energy may be rendered negligible by technological advances that increase efficiency and storage capacity.

Increasing the incentives for the development of solar energy may be worthwhile.

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The Advantages of Solar Energy

Sustainability

The advantage of solar energy is that it is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. While fossil fuels have an expiration date that may be fast approaching, the sun is likely to be around for at least a few billion years.

Low Environmental Impact

Solar energy has a substantially reduced impact on the environment compared to fossil fuels. Its greenhouse gas emissions are inconsequential as the technology does not require any fuel combustion. Also, although concentrating solar thermal plants (CSP) are comparatively inefficient in their water usage depending on the type of technology being used, the right technology significantly increases efficiency while photovoltaic (PV) solar cells do not require any water when generating electricity.

Solar energy technology is becoming an increasingly cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, though it remains somewhat expensive in certain markets.

Energy Independence

Since the sun shines across the globe, it makes every country a potential energy producer, thus allowing for greater energy independence and security. Solar energy doesn’t only promise to bring security and independence at the national level; solar panels can be installed on individual homes, providing power that does not depend on being connected to a larger electrical grid.

The Disadvantages of Solar Energy

Intermittency

One of the biggest problems that solar energy technology poses is that energy is only generated while the sun is shining. That means nighttime and overcast days can interrupt the supply. The shortage created by this interruption would not be a problem if there were low-cost ways of storing energy as extremely sunny periods can actually generate excess capacity. As the global capacity for solar power continues to rise, nations like Japan and other global leaders in solar energy technology are focusing on developing adequate energy storage to deal with this issue.

Land Use

Another concern is that solar energy may take up a significant amount of land and cause land degradation or habitat loss for wildlife. While solar PV systems can be fixed to already existing structures, larger utility-scale PV systems may require up to 3.5 to 10 acres per megawatt and CSP facilities require anywhere from 4 to 16.5 acres per megawatt.

3 4

However, the impact can be reduced by placing facilities in low-quality areas or along existing transportation and transmission corridors.

Scarcity of Materials

Certain solar technologies require rare materials in their production. This, however, is primarily a problem for PV technology rather than CSP technology. Also, it is not so much a lack of known reserves as much as it is the inability of current production to meet future demand: Many of the rare materials are byproducts of other processes rather than the focus of targeted mining efforts. Recycling PV material and advances in nanotechnology that increase solar-cell efficiency could both help boost supply, but perhaps finding material substitutes that exist in greater abundance could play a role.

An Environmental Downside

The one environmental downside to solar technology is that it contains many of the same hazardous materials as electronics. As solar becomes a more popular energy source, the problem of disposing the hazardous waste becomes an additional challenge. However, assuming the challenge of proper disposal is met, the reduced greenhouse gas emissions that solar energy offers make it an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.

स्रोत : www.investopedia.com

the hcf of the smallest two digit number and the smallest composite number is

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The LCM of smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is?

Byju's Answer Standard VI Mathematics Multiples The LCM of sm... Question

The LCM of smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is___________?

Open in App Solution

As we know, the smallest two-digit composite number is

and the smallest composite number is

4 .

By prime factorisation, we get;

4 = 1 × 2 × 2 10 = 1 × 2 × 5 Now, LCM of

4 , 10 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20

Therefore, the LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number is

20 Suggest Corrections 44

The LCM of the smallest two

LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number is 20

The LCM of the smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is.....

The composite numbers are natural numbers that have more than two factors, unlike prime numbers.

Answer: LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number is 20

Let's find the LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number

Explanation:

The smallest two-digit composite number is 10. The divisors of 10 are 1,2,5,10.

The smallest composite number is 4. The divisors of 4 are 1,2,4.

Let's find their LCM by Prime Factorization

4 = 1 × 2 × 2 10 = 1 × 2 × 5

LCM = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20

Therefore, the LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number is 20.

स्रोत : www.cuemath.com

The L.C.M of the smallest 2 digit composite number and the smallest composite number is:(a) 12(b) 4(c) 20(d) 44

The L.C.M of the smallest 2 digit composite number and the smallest composite number is:(a) 12(b) 4(c) 20(d) 44. Ans: Hint:Composite number is a positive integer which has at least one divisor apart from 1 and the number itself so the smallest 2 digi...

The L.C.M of the smallest 2 digit composite number and the smallest composite number is:

(a) 12 (b) 4 (c) 20 (d) 44

Last updated date: 18th Mar 2023

• Total views: 207.4k • Views today: 5.86k Answer Verified 207.4k+ views 7 likes

Hint:Composite number is a positive integer which has at least one divisor apart from 1 and the number itself so the smallest 2 digit composite number is 10 and the smallest composite number is 4 and find the L.C.M of these two numbers.

Complete step-by-step answer:

Composite numbers are the positive integers which have divisors other than 1 and the number itself.

For e.g. 6 is a composite number. The divisors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. So, the number 6 has divisors 2 and 3 which are apart from 1 and 6 (number itself).

The smallest 2 digit composite number is 10. The smallest 2 digit positive integer in a number system is 10. The divisors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10. From the divisors, it is clearly visible that 10 is a composite number.

The smallest composite number is 4. The positive integers start from 1. 1 has a divisor only 1 so it is not a composite number. 2 is a positive integer after 1 and number 2 has divisors 1 and 2 so this is also not a composite number then number 3, it has divisors 1 and 3. Then 4, the divisors of 4 are 1, 2, 4 so this is a composite number and hence, 4 is the smallest composite number.

Now, we are going to find the L.C.M of the smallest 2 digit composite number and the smallest composite number.

The smallest 2 digit composite number is 10 and the smallest composite number is 4.

Taking L.C.M of the above two numbers we get,

L.C.M of (4, 10) is as follows:

The factors of: 4 = 1×2×2 10 = 1×2×5

L.C.M is the least common multiple and so from the factors of 4 and 10 we can see that 2(underlined one) is common among 4 and 10 and 2, 5 are the uncommon multiples so L.C.M (4, 10) is 2×2×5 or 20.

L.C.M (4, 10) = 20

Hence, the correct option is (c).

Note: Composite numbers are numbers which are not prime numbers. Prime number is a positive integer having divisors only 1 and the number itself.

1 is neither a prime nor a composite number.

स्रोत : www.vedantu.com

who among the following environmentalists is known by the name of ‘jal purush’?

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Rajendra Singh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Magsaysay Award winner. For other people, see Rajendra Singh (disambiguation).

Rajendra Singh Rana

Rajendra Singh at Palakkad in April 2017.

Born 6 August 1959 (age 63)

Daula, Uttar Pradesh, India

Nationality Indian

Other names "Waterman of India"

Alma mater Allahabad University

Occupation water conservationist

Organization Tarun Bharat Sangh

Known for Water-based conservation

Website tarunbharatsangh.in

Rajendra Singh (born 6 August 1959) is an Indian water conservationist and environmentalist from Alwar district, Rajasthan in India. Also known as "waterman of India", he won the Magsaysay Award in 2001 and Stockholm Water Prize in 2015. He runs an NGO called 'Tarun Bharat Sangh' (TBS), which was founded in 1975. The NGO based in village hori-Bhikampura in Thanagazi tehsil, near Sariska Tiger Reserve, has been instrumental in fighting the slow bureaucracy, mining lobby and has helped villagers take charge of water management in their semi-arid area as it lies close to Thar Desert, through the use of johad, rainwater storage tanks, check dams and other time-tested as well as path-breaking techniques. Starting from a single village in 1985, over the years TBS helped build over 8,600 johads and other water conservation structures to collect rainwater for the dry seasons, has brought water back to over 1,000 villages and revived five rivers in Rajasthan, Arvari, Ruparel, Sarsa, Bhagani and Jahajwali.[1][2][3] He is one of the members of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) which was set up in 2009, by the Government of India as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganges (Ganga), in exercise of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.[4] In the UK he is a founder member of an NGO called the Flow Partnership. which aims to counter the negative effects of soil erosion and flooding.

Early life[edit]

Rajendra Singh was born at village Daula in Bagpat district in Uttar Pradesh near Meerut. He was the eldest of seven siblings. His father was an agriculturist and looked over their 60 acres of land in the village and where Singh did his early schooling.[5]

An important event in his life came in 1974, when still in high school, Ramesh Sharma, a member of Gandhi Peace Foundation visited their family home in Meerut, this opened up young Rajendra's mind, to issues of village improvement, as Sharma went about cleaning the village, opened a (library) and even got involved in settling local conflicts; soon he involved Rajendra in an alcoholism eradication program.[5] Another important influence was an English language teacher in school, Pratap Singh, who started discussing politics and social issues with his students after class. At this time Emergency was imposed in 1975, making him aware about the issues of democracy and formulate independent views.[5] After finishing high school education. He enrolled for post graduation in Hindi literature, at another college in Baraut, affiliated with Allahabad University. He became the leader of a local chapter of , a student activism organisation founded by Jaiprakash Narayan (Magsaysay Award, 1965), though after Jaiprakash fell ill, the internal power politics disillusioned him. Dr. Singh is a BAMS doctor by education.

Career[edit]

After completing his studies, he joined government service in 1980, and started his career as a National Service Volunteer for education in Jaipur, from where he was appointed to oversee adult education schools in Dausa district in Rajasthan.[5] Meanwhile, he joined (Young India Association) or TBS, an organization formed by officer and students of Jaipur University to aid victims of a campus fire. Subsequently, after three years when he became General Secretary of the organisation, he questioned the organisation, which had been dabbling with various issues, for its inadequacy in having a substantial impact. Finally in 1984 the entire board resigned leaving the organization to him. One of the first tasks he took up was working with a group of nomad blacksmiths, who though traveled from village to village had little support from anyone. This exposure inspired him to work closely with people. However back at work, he was feeling increasingly frustrated by the apathy of his superiors towards developmental issues and his own inability to have a larger impact, he left his job in 1984. He sold all his household goods for Rs 23,000 and took a bus ticket for the last stop, on boarded bus going into interior of Rajasthan, along with him were four friends from Tarun Bharat Sangha. The last stop turned out to be Kishori village in Thanagazi tehsil in Alwar district, and the day was 2 October 1985. After initial skepticism, the villagers of neighboring village Bhikampura accepted him, and here they found a place to stay. Soon, he started a small Ayurvedic medicine practice in nearby village Gopalpura, while his colleagues went out about promoting education in the villages.[5]

स्रोत : en.wikipedia.org

Dr. Rajendra Singh I Know Everything About Waterman of India I Jalpurush I India CSR Social Leader

Popularly known as 'Jal Purush, Waterman of India', Dr. Rajendra Singh is a renowned river rejuvenator and environmentalist.

Dr. Rajendra Singh

Waterman I Popularly known as ‘Jal Purush, Waterman of India

Dr. Rajendra Singh is a hardworking and fully dedicated worker. Dr. Rajendra Singh is a hardworking and fully dedicated worker. With this simple, frugal, true and non-violent ‘method’ for the prosperity of humanity and nature, we are all actively following the path of Mahatma Gandhi. He has pledged to make peace in the world through water. It can be done! May we all be together and have the moral strength to make this a reality!

Jal Purush, Waterman of India

Popularly known as ‘Jal Purush, Waterman of India’, Dr. Rajendra Singh is a renowned river rejuvenator and environmentalist. Born on August 6, 1959, in Dola village, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, he is an Ayurveda graduate and a postgraduate of Hindi literature. For his work, he has been awarded honorary doctorate degrees by the University of Agricultural Sciences in Dharwad Karnataka 2014, Purnima University Jaipur in 2016, and from APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow in 2019.

Ramon Magsaysay Award

Dr. Singh has been awarded several international accolades: Chiefly “Ramon Magsaysay Award” in 2001 for community leadership, “Jamnalal Bajaj Award” for use of science and technology for rural development, in 2005 and the Nobel prize for water the Stockholm Water Award in 2015.

Global Recognition

The Guardian named him “in the list of the world’s 50 people in 2008 who can save the planet Earth.” He was also awarded the “Ahimsa” Award in 2018 from the House of Commons, United Kingdom, “Earth Repair” award in 2019 from US Seattle and the Prithvi Bhushan Award from New Delhi in 2019.

Tarun Bharat Sangh

He is the Founder and President of Tarun Bharat Sangh, established in 1975. It is its headquarters near Bhikampura Kishori, Sariska Tiger Reserve in Thanagazitehsil of Rajasthan, Alwar district and resides in this village. For the last 44 years, Tarun Bharat has prepared and supported society to construct 11,800 water structures.

Water and Village

More than 1,200 villages in the country are now water secure. Communities which were ‘water deprived’ and poverty stricken, now have water. As a result of their work, 12 rivers in the country have been revived: Arvari, Ruparel, Sarsa, Bhagani, Maheshwara, Sabi, Tibra, Sairni and Jahazwali in Rajasthan, Agarni and Mahakali in Maharashtra and Inchanahallain Karnataka. The effect of these works is that adaptation and mitigationof climate change has been achieved in 10,000 square kilometer area.

Africa and countries of Central and West Asia and Europe

It is the only example of the world today. The “Water Ethics, Justice and World Peace Tour” was initiated by Dr. Rajendra Singh in April 2015, which travelled to Africa and countries of Central and West Asia and Europe. At the centre of the tour or yatra were people who had become refugees as a result of water scarcity and who had moved to different parts of Europe.

World Tour

More than 20 countries in Africa, 20 countries in Central and West Asia and 20 countries in Europe, were covered under this tour. During this journey Dr Singh did an inspiring job of honoring nature and humanity by sharing his 40 plusyearsof successful experiences of climate changeadaptation and mitigation. As a result, many young people have increased thinking about water and nature.

Devotion, every day

They are moving away from greedy development into works of nature regeneration. Dr Singh is committed to save the world from the Third World War, which is being predicted as being due to water. As a result of his devotion, every day, in a new place, new people are engaged in increasing their love of nature and working for it. He considers the Panchamabhutas as God: In its prosperity is the prosperity of the entire living world. He is convinced that Non-violence is the only way to bring prosperity.

Mahatma Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave

It is this belief that leads him and TBS on a non- violent path. He is engaged in the work of awakening consciousness by dedicating himself to water and nature day and night as a commitment to the 150 years of Mahatma Gandhi and 125 years of Vinoba Bhave. As a person who respects all religions and nature, Dr Singh considers Neer (water), Nari(woman) and Nadi (river) as Narayan or God. Mahatma Gandhi’s message is his way of life. That is why he is working with people, living and learning from them and making them aware of the power they have in creating a society that respects nature and humankind. In doing so, people create, learn from each other and also encourage others.

PIL in the Supreme Court

In 1991, Dr Singh filed a PIL in the Supreme Court, which saved Aravalli hills an forests in Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. The effect of this ledto protection of forests of India, by awakening a new consciousness, extending the advocacy process of conservation of water, water, land, wild animals and forest dwellers. The devastation caused by mining for economic prosperity for a few gave way to greenery by conserving water, water, and land and sustainable prosperity to many.

Loharinag Pala, Pala Maneri and Bhaironghati,

When the late Prof G D Agarwal was President of TBS and Dr Singh was the Vice President, the dams of Loharinag Pala, Pala Maneri and Bhaironghati, were being built on Bhagirathi River, the main river of Ganga. The construction of these dams were halted due to their efforts. This was the first instance in India, when the Center and the State Governments accepted the issue of making the river Ganga uninterrupted.

स्रोत : indiacsr.in

[Solved] Who among the following environmentalists is known by the na

The correct answer is Rajendra Chaudhary. Key Points Rajendra Chaudhary is known as the 'Waterman of India'. He is the founder of Tarun Bahrat

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Who among the following environmentalists is known by the name of 'Jal Purush'?

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MPPSC General Studies 2016 Official Paper

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Sunderlal Bahuguna Rajendra Choudhary B. Venkateswarlu Salim Ali

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Option 2 : Rajendra Choudhary

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The correct answer is Rajendra Chaudhary.

Key PointsRajendra Chaudhary is known as the 'Waterman of India'.

He is the founder of Tarun Bahrat Sangh which was established in 1975.

Tarun Bharat has prepared and supported society to construct 11,800 water structures. More than 1,200 villages in the country are now water secure.

As a result of their work, 12 rivers in the country have been revived: Arvari, Ruparel, Sarsa, Bhagani, Maheshwara, Sabi, Tibra, Sairni, and Jahazwali in Rajasthan, Agarni and Mahakali in Maharashtra and Inchanahallain Karnataka.

Important Points

The effect of these works is that adaptation and mitigation of climate change have been achieved in 10,000 square kilometers area.

He was awarded Raman Magsaysay Award in 2001 and the Stockholm water prize in 2015.

He is one of the members of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) which was set up in 2009.

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Latest MPPSC State Service Updates

Last updated on Mar 15, 2023

MPPSC State Services 2023 vacancies have been increased from 427 to 456. The Mains 2020 Results were out on 6th February 2023. Candidates applied for the exam from 10th January 2023. As per the notice, the Admit card for the prelims exam will be available from 14th May 2023. Also, candidates applied for the MPPSC Mains 2019 from 21st January 2023 to 22nd February 2023. The MPPSC exam is conducted to recruit eligible candidates for the posts of State Civil Services, State Police Services, Naib Tehsildar, etc. The selection process of the MPPSC State Service exam consists of 3 stages i.e. prelims, mains, and interview. Candidates must attempt the MPPSC State Services Mock tests to evaluate their performance. MPPSC State Services previous papers should be downloaded as they serve as a great source of preparation.

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the mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth after chewing is known as

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Bolus (digestion)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see bolus.

This bolus from an albatross has several ingested flotsam items, including monofilament from fishing nets and a discarded toothbrush. Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals

In digestion, a bolus (from Latin , "ball") is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing (which is largely an adaptation for plant-eating mammals).[1] It has the same color as the food being eaten, and the saliva gives it an alkaline pH.

Under normal circumstances, the bolus is swallowed, and travels down the esophagus to the stomach for digestion.[2]

References[edit]

^ "Digestion in the Mouth, Pharynx and Esophagus". Boundless. Retrieved June 4, 2016.^ "Bolus – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved June 4, 2016.

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34.5: Digestive Systems

Animal digestion begins in the mouth, then moves through the pharynx, into the esophagus, and then into the stomach and small intestine.

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34.5: Digestive Systems - Digestive System- Mouth and Stomach

Last updated Jun 9, 2022

34.4: Digestive Systems - Vertebrate Digestive Systems

34.6: Digestive Systems - Digestive System- Small and Large Intestines

Boundless (now LumenLearning)

Boundless Learning Objectives

Describe the parts of the digestive system from the oral cavity through the stomach

Parts of the Digestive System

The vertebrate digestive system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms. The upper gastrointestinal tract includes the oral cavity, esophagus, and stomach.

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or mouth, is the point of entry of food into the digestive system. The food is broken into smaller particles by mastication, the chewing action of the teeth. All mammals have teeth and can chew their food.

Figure 34.5.1 34.5.1

: Digestion begins in the oral cavity: Digestion of food begins in the (a) oral cavity. Food is masticated by teeth and moistened by saliva secreted from the (b) salivary glands. Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starches and fats. With the help of the tongue, the resulting bolus is moved into the esophagus by swallowing.

The extensive chemical process of digestion begins in the mouth. As food is chewed, saliva, produced by the salivary glands, mixes with the food. Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of many animals. There are three major glands that secrete saliva: the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual. Saliva contains mucus that moistens food and buffers the pH of the food. Saliva also contains immunoglobulins and lysozymes, which have antibacterial action to reduce tooth decay by inhibiting growth of some bacteria. In addition, saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that begins the process of converting starches in the food into a disaccharide called maltose. Another enzyme, lipase, is produced by the cells in the tongue. It is a member of a class of enzymes that can break down triglycerides. Lingual lipase begins the breakdown of fat components in the food. The chewing and wetting action provided by the teeth and saliva shape the food into a mass called the bolus for swallowing. The tongue aids in swallowing by moving the bolus from the mouth into the pharynx. The pharynx opens to two passageways: the trachea, which leads to the lungs, and the esophagus, which leads to the stomach. The tracheal opening, the glottis, is covered by a cartilaginous flap, the epiglottis. When swallowing, the epiglottis closes the glottis, allowing food to pass into the esophagus, not into the trachea, preventing food from reaching the lungs.

Esophagus

The esophagus is a tubular organ connecting the mouth to the stomach. The chewed and softened food passes through the esophagus after being swallowed. The smooth muscles of the esophagus undergo a series of wave like movements called peristalsis that push the food toward the stomach. The peristalsis wave is unidirectional: it moves food from the mouth to the stomach; reverse movement is not possible. The peristaltic movement of the esophagus is an involuntary reflex, taking place in response to the act of swallowing.

Figure 34.5.1 34.5.1

: Esophagus: The esophagus transfers food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic movements.

Stomach

A large part of digestion occurs in the stomach. The stomach, a saclike organ, secretes gastric digestive juices. The pH in the stomach is between 1.5 and 2.5. This highly- acidic environment is required for the chemical breakdown of food and the extraction of nutrients. When empty, the stomach is a rather small organ; however, it can expand to up to 20 times its resting size when filled with food. This characteristic is particularly useful for animals that need to eat when food is available.

Figure 34.5.1 34.5.1

: Stomach digestion: The human stomach has an extremely acidic environment where most of the protein gets digested.

The stomach is also the major site for protein digestion in animals other than ruminants. Protein digestion is mediated in the stomach chamber by an enzyme called pepsin, which is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach in an inactive form called pepsinogen. Another cell type, parietal cells, secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which combine in the lumen to form hydrochloric acid, the primary acidic component of the stomach juices. Hydrochloric acid helps to convert the inactive pepsinogen to pepsin. The highly-acidic environment also kills many microorganisms in the food and, combined with the action of the enzyme pepsin, results in the hydrolysis of protein in the food. Chemical digestion is facilitated by the churning action of the stomach. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles mixes the stomach contents about every 20 minutes. The partially-digested food and gastric juice mixture is called chyme. Chyme passes from the stomach to the small intestine. Further protein digestion takes place in the small intestine. Gastric emptying occurs within two to six hours after a meal. Only a small amount of chyme is released into the small intestine at a time. The movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the pyloric sphincter.

स्रोत : bio.libretexts.org

Bolus

bolus, food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva. Chewing helps to reduce food particles to a size readily swallowed; saliva adds digestive enzymes, water, and mucus that help chemically to reduce food particles, hydrate them for taste, and lubricate them for easy swallowing. The term bolus applies to this mixture of food and solutions until they are passed into the stomach. Once the bolus reaches the stomach, mixes with gastric juices, and becomes reduced in size, the food mass becomes known as chyme.

bolus

biology

Alternate titles: alimentary bolus

Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Article History

Related Topics: digestion saliva chewing

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bolus, food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva. Chewing helps to reduce food particles to a size readily swallowed; saliva adds digestive enzymes, water, and mucus that help chemically to reduce food particles, hydrate them for taste, and lubricate them for easy swallowing. The term bolus applies to this mixture of food and solutions until they are passed into the stomach. Once the bolus reaches the stomach, mixes with gastric juices, and becomes reduced in size, the food mass becomes known as chyme.

स्रोत : www.britannica.com

what is mobile computing? what are the basic building blocks for mobile computing?

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Mobile Computing

Mobile Computing Brief Overview - Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link. The main concept involves −

Mobile Computing - Brief Overview

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Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link. The main concept involves −

Mobile communication

Mobile hardware Mobile software

Mobile communication

The mobile communication in this case, refers to the infrastructure put in place to ensure that seamless and reliable communication goes on. These would include devices such as protocols, services, bandwidth, and portals necessary to facilitate and support the stated services. The data format is also defined at this stage. This ensures that there is no collision with other existing systems which offer the same service.

Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the overlaying infrastructure is basically radio wave-oriented. That is, the signals are carried over the air to intended devices that are capable of receiving and sending similar kinds of signals.

Mobile Hardware

Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device components that receive or access the service of mobility. They would range from portable laptops, smartphones, tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants.

These devices will have a receptor medium that is capable of sensing and receiving signals. These devices are configured to operate in full- duplex, whereby they are capable of sending and receiving signals at the same time. They don't have to wait until one device has finished communicating for the other device to initiate communications.

Above mentioned devices use an existing and established network to operate on. In most cases, it would be a wireless network.

Mobile software

Mobile software is the actual program that runs on the mobile hardware. It deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. This is the engine of the mobile device. In other terms, it is the operating system of the appliance. It's the essential component that operates the mobile device.

Since portability is the main factor, this type of computing ensures that users are not tied or pinned to a single physical location, but are able to operate from anywhere. It incorporates all aspects of wireless communications.

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स्रोत : www.tutorialspoint.com

What is Mobile Computing?

Mobile computing is everywhere. Learn about mobile products and services, how they're being used and the advantages and disadvantages of the technology.

DEFINITION

mobile computing

Ben Lutkevich, Technical Features Writer

Craig Mathias

What is mobile computing?

Mobile computing refers to the set of IT technologies, products, services and operational strategies and procedures that enable end users to access computation, information and related resources and capabilities while mobile. Mobile most commonly refers to access in motion, where the user is not restricted to a given geographic location.

Mobile may also refer to access in a fixed location via equipment that users can relocate as required but is stationary while in operation. This mode of operation is often called nomadic computing.

Today, mobile computing technology is everywhere. It has applications in business and consumer markets, industrial and entertainment industries, as well as many specialized vertical markets.

Desktop computers offer more hardware configuration capabilities and computational performance. However, the majority of end users prefer mobile devices. The key advantage of mobile computing is convenience, where users have access to information and computational resources anytime and anywhere.

How does mobile computing work?

Generally, a mobile computing system involves a mobile device, such as a laptop computer, tablet or smartphone, and a wireless network connection based on Wi-Fi or cellular wireless technology, such as 5G. Mobile devices typically can store data locally, and access to that data doesn't require a network connection.

Mobile computers typically accommodate access to both wireless and wired technology. Access to shared network resources, including mobile cloud-based resources, is essential given the collaborative nature of work today. Integrated, rechargeable batteries power mobile devices, and most can run on an alternating current (AC) power source when used from a fixed location.

In addition to laptops, tablets and smartphones, there are many mobile computing devices for vertical and specialized applications. These include devices for medical, surveillance, security, and telemetry and control uses.

Device selection is based on the application. For example, laptops are better suited for content creation, and tablets are often preferred for content consumption. Smartphones function as pocket-size computers and communication devices, but they have small screen sizes and screen-based keyboards.

Why is mobile computing used?

Mobile computing is used in most facets of life both in business and by consumers. It enables users to be untethered from a power source for periods of time. This is advantageous for traveling workers who want to stay connected to their work while on the move. It's also useful for remote workers who may not have all the connectivity and power options they have in an office setting.

Consumers use mobile computing in several ways, including the following:

internet access

mobile communications

web browsing mobile applications

entertainment streaming media

Mobile devices and apps can collect user data in various environments and contexts. Fitbits and smartwatches are examples of wearable technology that collect user data in novel contexts, including fitness and health settings.

Mobile computing also makes the internet of things (IoT) possible. The nontraditional computers, sensors and other devices that make up IoT are able to connect and communicate without direct human intervention.

What are the types of mobile computing?

Mobile computing is a combination of infrastructure, hardware and software technology. The various parts of mobile computing are as follows:

Mobile infrastructure. Infrastructure refers to the technical pieces that allow devices to communicate. Mobile infrastructure includes the wireless networks, wireless protocols and data formats.Mobile hardware. The physical mobile device and supporting hardware that users interact with make up the mobile hardware. This may include cell phones, laptops, tablets, wearable computers and accompanying chargers and accessories.Mobile software. This refers to the applications that run on mobile devices, including mobile operating systems (OSes) and user-facing applications, such as mobile browsers and e-commerce applications.

Low-code mobile apps enable enterprises to quickly configure mobile apps for enterprise needs, providing them with useful features like push notifications.

Some different types of mobile computing include the following examples:

Consumer use. Consumers can use mobile devices like laptops, smartphones, wearables and tablets for an array of activities, including communication, entertainment, banking, bill paying and health and fitness tracking.Remote work. Employees use laptops or tablets to work and collaborate. Delivery personnel use mobile devices for logistical and management information, and to verify that deliveries were made to the right place. Field service technicians use mobile devices for field service management, tracking and support capabilities.IoT. Consumer and enterprise IoT devices are used to communicate with other devices without human intervention. For example, self-driving cars use sensors, onboard computers and other connected devices to connect with GPS, weather and other systems to navigate the road safely. Smart sensors are also used in supply chain management systems to track the progress of goods in transit.

स्रोत : www.techtarget.com

What are the basic building blocks for mobile computing?

Answer (1 of 6): The basic building blocks for mobile computing include: 1. Mobile Device: This is the physical device that is used for mobile computing, such as a smartphone or tablet. 2. Operating System: The operating system is the software that controls the device and allows other software t...

What are the basic building blocks for mobile computing?

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The basic building blocks for mobile computing include:

Hardware components, such as processors, memory, storage, and sensors

Operating systems, such as Android, iOS, and Windows Mobile

Communication protocols, such as cellular net

Indrajeet

Business at Business (2020–present)Author has 2.5K answers and 895.6K answer viewsJan 22

The basic building blocks for mobile computing include:

1. Mobile Device: This is the physical device that is used for mobile computing, such as a smartphone or tablet.

2. Operating System: The operating system is the software that controls the device and allows other software to run on it. Examples include iOS for iPhones, Android for most other smartphones, and Windows for some tablets.

3. Hardwa Related questions

What are the basic building blocks for mobile computing and their differences?

What are the basic building blocks for Mobile Computing and communication?

What are the basic building blocks for Mobile Computing? What are the two different types of mobility in Mobile Computing?

What are the basic building blocks for laptop computing?

Which is mobile computing?

Vrushti Shah

Lives in The United States of America (2012–present)Author has 249 answers and 55.6K answer views1y

The word "cloud computing" has gone mainstream, and we seldom come across a company that isn't using or exploring it. Cloud computing is a broad word that encompasses a variety of services. Because the cloud is a huge collection of services, businesses can utilise it however, when, and where they choose. Cloud computing services are usually summarised in three key offerings. Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) are the three (IaaS). In most cases, cloud computing's "layers" are depicted as a pyramid, with IaaS at the bottom, PaaS in

the problem that threatens the success of a project but which has not yet happened is a

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The problem that threatens the success of a project but which has not yet happened is called as

The problem that threatens the success of a project but which has not yet happened is called as - Software Testing - Interviewkiller.com

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[Solved] The problem that threatens the success of a project but which has not yet happened is called as __________

The problem that threatens the success of a project but which has not yet happened is called as __________

A. bug B. error C. risk D. defect Answer» C. risk View all MCQs in:

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Software Engineering

Software Engineering | Risk Management with software engineering tutorial, models, engineering, software development life cycle, sdlc, requirement engineering, waterfall model, spiral model, rapid application development model, rad, software management, etc.

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Software Engineering

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What is Risk?

"Tomorrow problems are today's risk." Hence, a clear definition of a "risk" is a problem that could cause some loss or threaten the progress of the project, but which has not happened yet.

These potential issues might harm cost, schedule or technical success of the project and the quality of our software device, or project team morale.

Risk Management is the system of identifying addressing and eliminating these problems before they can damage the project.

We need to differentiate risks, as potential issues, from the current problems of the project.

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Different methods are required to address these two kinds of issues.

For example, staff storage, because we have not been able to select people with the right technical skills is a current problem, but the threat of our technical persons being hired away by the competition is a risk.

Risk Management

A software project can be concerned with a large variety of risks. In order to be adept to systematically identify the significant risks which might affect a software project, it is essential to classify risks into different classes. The project manager can then check which risks from each class are relevant to the project.

There are three main classifications of risks which can affect a software project:

Project risks Technical risks Business risks

1. Project risks: Project risks concern differ forms of budgetary, schedule, personnel, resource, and customer-related problems. A vital project risk is schedule slippage. Since the software is intangible, it is very tough to monitor and control a software project. It is very tough to control something which cannot be identified. For any manufacturing program, such as the manufacturing of cars, the plan executive can recognize the product taking shape.2. Technical risks: Technical risks concern potential method, implementation, interfacing, testing, and maintenance issue. It also consists of an ambiguous specification, incomplete specification, changing specification, technical uncertainty, and technical obsolescence. Most technical risks appear due to the development team's insufficient knowledge about the project.3. Business risks: This type of risks contain risks of building an excellent product that no one need, losing budgetary or personnel commitments, etc.Other risk categories1. Known risks: Those risks that can be uncovered after careful assessment of the project program, the business and technical environment in which the plan is being developed, and more reliable data sources (e.g., unrealistic delivery date)2. Predictable risks: Those risks that are hypothesized from previous project experience (e.g., past turnover)3. Unpredictable risks: Those risks that can and do occur, but are extremely tough to identify in advance.

Principle of Risk Management

Global Perspective: In this, we review the bigger system description, design, and implementation. We look at the chance and the impact the risk is going to have.Take a forward-looking view: Consider the threat which may appear in the future and create future plans for directing the next events.Open Communication: This is to allow the free flow of communications between the client and the team members so that they have certainty about the risks.Integrated management: In this method risk management is made an integral part of project management.Continuous process: In this phase, the risks are tracked continuously throughout the risk management paradigm.

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the ability of cell which has an ability to produce a complete organism is termed?

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The ability of a cell to grow into a complete plant is called:

Byju's Answer Standard XII Biology What is PCR The ability o... Question

The ability of a cell to grow into a complete plant is called:

Cellular totipotency

B Tissue culture C

Somaclonal variation

D Protoplasmic fusion Open in App Solution

The correct option is A

Cellular totipotency

Cellular totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism.

Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.

Protoplast fusion is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both.

Tissue culture is a process that involves exposing plant tissue to a specific regimen of nutrients, hormones and light under sterile, in vitro conditions to produce many new plants, each of which is a clone of the original mother plant, over a very short period of time.

Suggest Corrections 1

Totipotency, Pluripotency and Nuclear Reprogramming

Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 Sep 26.

Published in final edited form as:

Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2009; 114: 185–199.

doi: 10.1007/10_2008_45

PMCID: PMC2752493

NIHMSID: NIHMS138193

PMID: 19343304

Totipotency, Pluripotency and Nuclear Reprogramming

Shoukhrat Mitalipov and Don Wolf

Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer

The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol

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Abstract

Mammalian development commences with the totipotent zygote which is capable of developing into all the specialized cells that make up the adult animal. As development unfolds, cells of the early embryo proliferate and differentiate into the first two lineages, the pluripotent inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. Pluripotent cells can be isolated, adapted and propagated indefinitely in vitro in an undifferentiated state as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs retain their ability to differentiate into cells representing the three major germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm or any of the 200+ cell types present in the adult body. Since many human diseases result from defects in a single cell type, pluripotent human ESCs represent an unlimited source of any cell or tissue type for replacement therapy thus providing a possible cure for many devastating conditions. Pluripotent cells resembling ESCs can also be derived experimentally by the nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells. Reprogrammed somatic cells may have an even more important role in cell replacement therapies since the patient’s own somatic cells can be used for reprogramming thereby eliminating immune based rejection of transplanted cells. In this review, we summarize two major approaches to reprogramming: (1) somatic cell nuclear transfer and (2) direct reprogramming using genetic manipulations.

Keywords: Embryonic stem cells, iPS cells, Pluripotent, Somatic cell nuclear transfer, Totipotent

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1 Totipotency

Totipotency is defined in Wikipedia as the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues. Totipotent cells formed during sexual and asexual reproduction include spores and zygotes. In some organisms, cells can dedifferentiate and regain totipotency. For example, a plant cutting or callus can be used to grow an entire plant. Mammalian development commences when an oocyte is fertilized by a sperm forming a single celled embryo, the zygote. Consistent with the definition, the zygote is totipotent, meaning that this single cell has the potential to develop into an embryo with all the specialized cells that make up a living being, as well as into the placental support structure necessary for fetal development. Thus, each totipotent cell is a self-contained entity that can give rise to the whole organism. This is said to be true for the zygote and for early embryonic blastomeres up to at least the 4-cell stage embryo (see Fig. 1). Experimentally, totipotency can be demonstrated by the isolation of a single blastomere from a preimplantation embryo and subsequently monitoring its ability to support a term birth following transfer into a suitable recipient. This approach was pioneered in rats and has been realized in several mammalian species including nonhuman primates [1–4]. In the latter case, we confirmed the ability of isolated blastomeres from 2- and 4-cell stage, IVF produced embryos of the rhesus monkey to support term pregnancies and to produce live animals [5]. As embryo development progresses to the 8-cell stage and beyond depending on the species, the individual blastomeres that comprise the embryo gradually lose their totipotency. It is generally believed that this restriction in developmental potential indicates irreversible differentiation and specialization of early embryonic cells into the first two lineages, the inner cell mass (ICM) that includes cells that will give rise to the fetus and the trophectoderm (TE), and an outer layer of cells that is destined to an extraembryonic fate (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Development and reprogramming. Ontogeny begins from a single cell, the zygote. The zygote and each blastomere of the early embryo are totipotent with the potential to develop into the whole organism. As development unfolds, the developmental potential of individual blastomeres gradually declines resulting subsequently in pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent and terminally differentiated somatic cells. However, developmental potential of somatic cells can be reinstated to the totipotent stage by SCNT or to the pluripotent state by direct reprogramming

A complication in assessing the state of potency of blastomeres isolated from more advanced stages of development is insufficient cytoplasmic volume. Thus, although the blastomeres may in fact be totipotent, embryonic development of relatively small isolated blastomeres arrests at or near the time of blastulation. Recall that the zygote and early blastomeres undergo several unusual mitotic or cleavage divisions that are not accompanied by a corresponding growth of cytoplasm, that is, there is no change in embryo size despite the presence of more cells or blastomeres and each individual blastomere becomes smaller. The embryonic genome at these early stages is transcriptionally quiescent and development is regulated by maternally inherited factors present at the time of fertilization in the oocyte [6]. The transition in developmental regulation with activation of the embryonic genome and a complete loss of dependence on oocyte factors occurs before the blastocyst stage in a species-specific manner. Additionally, by the late morula or early blastocyst stage the embryo ceases cleavage divisions and resumes normal mitotic divisions with concomitant increases in cell volume during the S-phase. The likelihood that early blastomeres retain totipotency for a major part of preimplantation development but experimentally we cannot prove it is directly supported by the fact that the addition of oocyte cytoplasm to a blastomere of the 8- to 16-cell stage embryo can restore, or perhaps more appropriately allow expression of, its full developmental potential. This approach, embryonic cell nuclear transfer, has been employed in the monkey to demonstrate the totipotency of 8- to 16-cell stage blastomeres whereby reconstructed embryos when transferred to a recipient resulted in a term birth [7].

स्रोत : www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Stem cells: past, present, and future

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The genesis of stem cells is followed by laboratory steps of controlled stem cell culturing and derivation. Quality control and teratoma formation assays are important procedures in assessing the properties of the stem cells tested. Derivation methods and the utilization of culturing media are crucial to set proper environmental conditions for controlled differentiation. Among many types of stem tissue applications, the use of graphene scaffolds and the potential of extracellular vesicle-based therapies require attention due to their versatility. The review is summarized by challenges that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted worldwide. A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases.

Review Open Access

Published: 26 February 2019

Stem cells: past, present, and future

Wojciech Zakrzewski, Maciej Dobrzyński, Maria Szymonowicz & Zbigniew Rybak

volume

10, Article number: 68 (2019) Cite this article

417k Accesses 515 Citations 47 Altmetric Metrics details

Abstract

Stem cell classification

Stem cells are unspecialized cells of the human body. They are able to differentiate into any cell of an organism and have the ability of self-renewal. Stem cells exist both in embryos and adult cells. There are several steps of specialization. Developmental potency is reduced with each step, which means that a unipotent stem cell is not able to differentiate into as many types of cells as a pluripotent one. This chapter will focus on stem cell classification to make it easier for the reader to comprehend the following chapters.

Totipotent stem cells are able to divide and differentiate into cells of the whole organism. Totipotency has the highest differentiation potential and allows cells to form both embryo and extra-embryonic structures. One example of a totipotent cell is a zygote, which is formed after a sperm fertilizes an egg. These cells can later develop either into any of the three germ layers or form a placenta. After approximately 4 days, the blastocyst’s inner cell mass becomes pluripotent. This structure is the source of pluripotent cells.

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) form cells of all germ layers but not extraembryonic structures, such as the placenta. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an example. ESCs are derived from the inner cell mass of preimplantation embryos. Another example is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from the epiblast layer of implanted embryos. Their pluripotency is a continuum, starting from completely pluripotent cells such as ESCs and iPSCs and ending on representatives with less potency—multi-, oligo- or unipotent cells. One of the methods to assess their activity and spectrum is the teratoma formation assay. iPSCs are artificially generated from somatic cells, and they function similarly to PSCs. Their culturing and utilization are very promising for present and future regenerative medicine.

Multipotent stem cells have a narrower spectrum of differentiation than PSCs, but they can specialize in discrete cells of specific cell lineages. One example is a haematopoietic stem cell, which can develop into several types of blood cells. After differentiation, a haematopoietic stem cell becomes an oligopotent cell. Its differentiation abilities are then restricted to cells of its lineage. However, some multipotent cells are capable of conversion into unrelated cell types, which suggests naming them pluripotent cells.

Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into several cell types. A myeloid stem cell is an example that can divide into white blood cells but not red blood cells.

Unipotent stem cells are characterized by the narrowest differentiation capabilities and a special property of dividing repeatedly. Their latter feature makes them a promising candidate for therapeutic use in regenerative medicine. These cells are only able to form one cell type, e.g. dermatocytes.

Stem cell biology

A blastocyst is formed after the fusion of sperm and ovum fertilization. Its inner wall is lined with short-lived stem cells, namely, embryonic stem cells. Blastocysts are composed of two distinct cell types: the inner cell mass (ICM), which develops into epiblasts and induces the development of a foetus, and the trophectoderm (TE). Blastocysts are responsible for the regulation of the ICM microenvironment. The TE continues to develop and forms the extraembryonic support structures needed for the successful origin of the embryo, such as the placenta. As the TE begins to form a specialized support structure, the ICM cells remain undifferentiated, fully pluripotent and proliferative [1]. The pluripotency of stem cells allows them to form any cell of the organism. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from the ICM. During the process of embryogenesis, cells form aggregations called germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm (Fig. 1), each eventually giving rise to differentiated cells and tissues of the foetus and, later on, the adult organism [2]. After hESCs differentiate into one of the germ layers, they become multipotent stem cells, whose potency is limited to only the cells of the germ layer. This process is short in human development. After that, pluripotent stem cells occur all over the organism as undifferentiated cells, and their key abilities are proliferation by the formation of the next generation of stem cells and differentiation into specialized cells under certain physiological conditions.

स्रोत : stemcellres.biomedcentral.com

the electric field and the potential of an electric dipole very with distance r as

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get the electric field and the potential of an electric dipole very with distance r as from screen.

The electric field and the potential of an electric dipole vary with distance r respectively as:A. 1/r2 and 1/13B. 1/r and 1/r2C. 1/r2 andD. 1/r3 and 1/r2

Byju's Answer Standard XII Physics Magnetic Intensity The electric ... Question

The electric field and the potential of an electric dipole vary with distance r respectively as:

A 1 r and 1 r 2 B 1 r 2 and 1 r C 1 r 2 and 1 r 3 D 1 r 3 and 1 r 2 Open in App Solution

The correct option is D

1 r 3 and 1 r 2 E = k p r 3 √ 1 + 3 c o s 2 θ V = k p c o s θ r 2 Suggest Corrections 4

The electric field and the potential of an electric dipole vary with distance r as

Electric field and electric potential at a general point at a distance r from the centre of the dipole is E(g)=1/( 4 pi epsilon(0)) p/(r^(3)) sqrt((3cos^(2)theta+1)) and V(epsilon)=1/(4 pi epsilon(0)) (p cos theta)/(r^(2))

The electric field and the potential of an electric dipole vary with distance r as

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Text Solution A 1 r and 1 r 2 B 1 r 2 and 1 r C 1 r 2 and 1 r 3 D 1 r 3 and 1 r 2 Answer

The correct Answer is D

Solution

Electric field and electric potential at a general point at a distance r from the centre of the dipole is

E g = 1 4 π ε 0 p r 3 √ ( 3 cos 2 θ + 1 ) and V ε = 1 4 π ε 0 p cos θ r 2 Answer

Step by step solution by experts to help you in doubt clearance & scoring excellent marks in exams.

The electric potential at a point on the axis of an electric dipole depends on the distance ${{r}}$ of the point from the dipole asA. $\\dfrac{{{1}}}{{{r}}} $B. $\\dfrac{{{1}}}{{{{{r}}^{{2}}}}} $C. $r$D. $\\dfrac{{{1}}}{{{{{r}}^{{3}}}}} $

The electric potential at a point on the axis of an electric dipole depends on the distance ${{r}}$ of the point from the dipole asA. $\\dfrac{{{1}}}{{{r}}} $B. $\\dfrac{{{1}}}{{{{{r}}^{{2}}}}} $C. $r$D. $\\dfrac{{{1}}}{{{{{r}}^{{3}}}}} $. Ans: Hint:...

The electric potential at a point on the axis of an electric dipole depends on the distance

r r

of the point from the dipole as

A. 1 r 1r B. 1 r 2 1r2 C. r r D. 1 r 3 1r3

Last updated date: 16th Mar 2023

• Total views: 240k • Views today: 4.19k Answer Verified 240k+ views 2 likes

Hint: An electric dipole consists of a couple of opposite charges

q q and −q −q

separated by a distance

r r

. The formula for electric potential due to dipole is given by

V= kpcosθ r 2 V=kpcosθr2

. For the dependency of electric potential (V) with distance (r) can be clearly seen by the given formula.

Complete step by step answer:

Formula for electric potential due to dipole is given by

V= kpcosθ r 2 ⇒Vα 1 r 2 V=kpcosθr2⇒Vα1r2

Thus, the electric dipole varies inversely to the square of a distance

(r) (r) .

The electric potential due to an electric dipole varies inversely to the square of the distance i.e.

1 r 2 1r2

and the potential due to a single point charge varies inversely to the distance i.e.

1 r 1r

. Thus, the potential due to the dipole falls faster than that due to point charges. As the distance increases from electric dipole, the effects of positive and negative charges cancel out each other.

Hence, the correct answer is option (B).Note: The potential due to a point charge is spherically symmetric because it depends only on the distance

r r

. However, the potential due to a dipole is not spherically symmetric as the potential depends on the angle between the dipole and the position vector of the point. Electric Dipoles are usually found in molecular structures caused by non-uniform charge distribution of protons and electrons. Electric dipoles are used to find the polarity of a system and knowing the polarity of the system is useful in the study of many chemical phenomena such as the normal force (the reason we don't fall through objects), surface tension and solubility.

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if the distance between two plates of a parallel plate capacitor is halved its capacity

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If the distance between the plates of parallel plate capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant of dielectric is doubled, then its capacity will

C = (K epsilon(0)A)/(d) prop (K)/(d) Hence, (C(1))/(C(2)) = (K(1))/(K(2)) xx (d(2))/(d(1)) = (K)/(2K) xx (d//2)/(d) = (1)/(4) Therefore, C(2) = 4C(1)

If the distance between the plates of parallel plate capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant of dielectric is doubled, then its capacity will

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Text Solution A increase by 16 times B increase by 4 times C increase by 2 times D remain the same Answer

The correct Answer is B

Solution C = K ε 0 A d ∝ K d Hence, C 1 C 2 = K 1 K 2 × d 2 d 1 = K 2 K × d / 2 d = 1 4 Therefore, C 2 = 4 C 1 Answer

Step by step solution by experts to help you in doubt clearance & scoring excellent marks in exams.

[Solved] If the distance between the plates of a parallel plate capac

CONCEPT: The capacitance of a capacitor (C): The capacitance of a conductor is the ratio of charge (Q) to it by a rise in its potential (V),

Home Physics Capacitance Calculating the Capacitance

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If the distance between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is halved keeping other parameters unchanged. The the new capacitance will become-

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Two times of the initial capacitance

One third of the initial capacitance

Nine times of the initial capacitance

Remains unchanged

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Two times of the initial capacitance

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CONCEPT:

The capacitance of a capacitor (C):

The capacitance of a conductor is the ratio of charge (Q) to it by a rise in its potential (V), i.e.

C = Q/V

The unit of capacitance is the farad, (symbol F ).

A parallel plate capacitor consists of two large plane parallel conducting plates of area A and separated by a small distance d.

Mathematical expression for the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by:

⇒C=ϵoAd

Where C = capacitance, A = area of the two plates, εo = permittivity of free space, and d = separation between the plates,

Parallel Plate Capacitor:

EXPLANATION:

The capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor is given by:

⇒C=ϵoAd

When the distance between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is halved, the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor will be

⇒C1=ϵoAd2=2ϵoAd=2C

Hence, if the distance between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is halved then the capacitance of the capacitor will become twice the initial capacitance.

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If the distance between the plates of parallel plate capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant of dielectric is doubled, then it's capacity will ______

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If the distance between the plates of parallel plate capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant of dielectric is doubled, then it's capacity will ______

OPTIONS

increase by 16 times.

increase by 4 times.

increase by 2 times.

remain the same. Advertisement Remove all ads

SOLUTION

If the distance between the plates of the parallel plate capacitor is halved and the dielectric constant of dielectric is doubled, then its capacity will increase by 4 times.

Explanation:

C = kA d k d kε0Ad∝kd Hence, C C k k d d k k d/ d

C1C2=k1k2×d2d1=k2k×d/2d= 14

Therefore, C2 = 4C1 OR I CV V I2 C (V22-V12) Hence,

12×15×10-6×(252-152)

Therefore, CC C2=4C1

Concept: Capacitors and Capacitance, Combination of Capacitors in Series and Parallel

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given four positive integers a, b, c, and d, can a rectangle have these integers as its sides?

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get given four positive integers a, b, c, and d, can a rectangle have these integers as its sides? from screen.

Is Rectangle?

Is Rectangle? | Problem Description Given four positive integers A, B, C, D, determine if there’s a rectangle such that the lengths of its sides are A, B, C and D (in any order). If any such rectangle exist return 1 else return 0. Problem Constraints 1 <= A, B, C, D <= 100 Input Format First argument is an interger A. Second argument is an interger B. Third argument is an interger C. Fourth argument is an interger D. Output Format If any such rectangle exist whose sides are A, B, C, D in any orde then return 1 else return 0. Example Input Input 1: A = 1 B = 1 C = 2 D = 2 Input 2: A = 1 B = 2 C = 3 D = 4 Example Output Output 1: 1 Output 2: 0 Example Explanation Explanation 1: The rectangle drawn above is one of the rectangles that can be formed by side length of 1, 1, 2, 2 so we will return 1. Explanation 2: No such rectangle exist whose sides are 1, 2, 3, 4. So, we will return 0.

Is Rectangle?

Easy 69.7% Success 61 108 Bookmark Asked In: Max Score: 200 Hint Solution Approach Complete Solution

Problem Description

Given four positive integers A, B, C, D, determine if there’s a rectangle such that the lengths of its sides are A, B, C and D (in any order).

If any such rectangle exist return 1 else return 0.

Problem Constraints

1 <= A, B, C, D <= 100

Input Format

First argument is an interger A.

Second argument is an interger B.

Third argument is an interger C.

Fourth argument is an interger D.

Output Format

If any such rectangle exist whose sides are A, B, C, D in any orde then return 1 else return 0.

Example Input

Input 1: A = 1 B = 1 C = 2 D = 2 Input 2: A = 1 B = 2 C = 3 D = 4

Example Output

Output 1: 1 Output 2: 0

Example Explanation

Explanation 1:

The rectangle drawn above is one of the rectangles that can be formed by side length of 1, 1, 2, 2 so we will return 1.

Explanation 2:

No such rectangle exist whose sides are 1, 2, 3, 4. So, we will return 0.

Note:You only need to implement the given function. Do not read input, instead use the arguments to the function. Do not print the output, instead return values as specified. Still have a question? Checkout Sample Codes for more details.

Current Score: 200 00 : 00 : 10 Editor Result 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 /**

* @input A : Integer

* @input B : Integer

* @input C : Integer

* @input D : Integer

* * @Output Integer */

int solve(int A, int B, int C, int D) {

} Run Submit C (Gcc-4.8) Visit Old View Medium Select... Seek Help Custom Input 33420

successful submissions.

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Check if given four integers (or sides) make rectangle

A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.

Check if given four integers (or sides) make rectangle

Difficulty Level : Basic

Last Updated : 25 Oct, 2022

Read Discuss Courses Practice Video

Given four positive integers, determine if there’s a rectangle such that the lengths of its sides are a, b, c and d (in any order).

Examples :Input : 1 1 2 2Output : YesInput : 1 2 3 4Output : No

Recommended: Please try your approach on first, before moving on to the solution.

Approach 1:- We will check, if any of the two integers are equal and make sure rest of two are also equal using few if else conditions.

C++

// A simple program to find if given 4

// values can represent 4 sides of rectangle

#include

using namespace std;

// Function to check if the given

// integers value make a rectangle

bool isRectangle(int a, int b, int c, int d)

{

// Square is also a rectangle

if (a == b == c == d)

return true;

else if (a == b && c == d)

return true;

else if (a == d && c == b)

return true;

else if (a == c && d == b)

return true; else return false; } // Driver code int main() { int a, b, c, d;

a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4;

if (isRectangle(a, b, c, d))

cout << "Yes"; else cout << "No"; return 0; }

Java

Python3

C#

Java Python3 C# Javascript

Output

Time complexity: O(1) as constant operations are being performedAuxiliary space: O(1)

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Art of Problem Solving

2021 AIME I Problems

2021 AIME I (Answer Key)

Printable version | AoPS Contest Collections • PDF

Instructions

This is a 15-question, 3-hour examination. All answers are integers ranging from to , inclusive. Your score will be the number of correct answers; i.e., there is neither partial credit nor a penalty for wrong answers.

No aids other than scratch paper, graph paper, ruler, compass, and protractor are permitted. In particular, calculators and computers are not permitted.

1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15

[hide]

1 Problem 1 2 Problem 2 3 Problem 3 4 Problem 4 5 Problem 5 6 Problem 6 7 Problem 7 8 Problem 8 9 Problem 9 10 Problem 10 11 Problem 11 12 Problem 12 13 Problem 13 14 Problem 14 15 Problem 15 16 See also

Problem 1

Zou and Chou are practicing their -meter sprints by running races against each other. Zou wins the first race, and after that, the probability that one of them wins a race is if they won the previous race but only if they lost the previous race. The probability that Zou will win exactly of the races is , where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find .

Solution

Problem 2

In the diagram below, is a rectangle with side lengths and , and is a rectangle with side lengths and as shown. The area of the shaded region common to the interiors of both rectangles is , where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find .

Solution

Problem 3

Find the number of positive integers less than that can be expressed as the difference of two integral powers of

Solution

Problem 4

Find the number of ways identical coins can be separated into three nonempty piles so that there are fewer coins in the first pile than in the second pile and fewer coins in the second pile than in the third pile.

Solution

Problem 5

Call a three-term strictly increasing arithmetic sequence of integers special if the sum of the squares of the three terms equals the product of the middle term and the square of the common difference. Find the sum of the third terms of all special sequences.

Solution

Problem 6

Segments and are edges of a cube and is a diagonal through the center of the cube. Point satisfies , , , and . Find

Solution

Problem 7

Find the number of pairs of positive integers with such that there exists a real number satisfying

Solution

Problem 8

Find the number of integers such that the equationhas distinct real solutions.

Solution

Problem 9

Let be an isosceles trapezoid with and Suppose that the distances from to the lines and are and respectively. Let be the area of Find

Solution

Problem 10

Consider the sequence of positive rational numbers defined by and for , if for relatively prime positive integers and , then

Determine the sum of all positive integers such that the rational number can be written in the form for some positive integer .

Solution

Problem 11

Let be a cyclic quadrilateral with and Let and be the feet of the perpendiculars from and respectively, to line and let and be the feet of the perpendiculars from and respectively, to line The perimeter of is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find

Solution

Problem 12

Let be a dodecagon (-gon). Three frogs initially sit at and . At the end of each minute, simultaneously, each of the three frogs jumps to one of the two vertices adjacent to its current position, chosen randomly and independently with both choices being equally likely. All three frogs stop jumping as soon as two frogs arrive at the same vertex at the same time. The expected number of minutes until the frogs stop jumping is , where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find .

Solution

Problem 13

Circles and with radii and , respectively, intersect at distinct points and . A third circle is externally tangent to both and . Suppose line intersects at two points and such that the measure of minor arc is . Find the distance between the centers of and .

Solution

Problem 14

For any positive integer denotes the sum of the positive integer divisors of . Let be the least positive integer such that is divisible by for all positive integers . Find the sum of the prime factors in the prime factorization of .

Solution

Problem 15

Let be the set of positive integers such that the two parabolasintersect in four distinct points, and these four points lie on a circle with radius at most . Find the sum of the least element of and the greatest element of .

Solution

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The LCM of smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is​?

The LCM of the smallest two

The LCM of the smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is​.....

Answer: LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number is​ 20

Therefore, the LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number is 20.

The L.C.M of the smallest 2 digit composite number and the smallest composite number is:(a) 12(b) 4(c) 20(d) 44

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Who among the following environmentalists is known by the name of 'Jal Purush'?

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The LCM of smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is?

The LCM of the smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is.....

Answer: LCM of the smallest two-digit composite number and the smallest composite number is 20